Analysis Of Everything That Rises Must Converge By...

Flannery O Connor’s works are nothing short of extraordinary. They frequently step into the realm of the extreme to make a statement or prove a point. The result is that her messages are stark and vivid, and O Connor is able to make bold positions on controversial subjects. She achieves this effect through a number of means, which consist primarily of Christian symbolism, character foils, and literary irony. Combined, they create rich, intense environments in which radical events push and twist characters. As a result of this stress, the characters are defined more clearly. In many instances, they achieve a kind of self realization, and their revelations usually come with an ironic factor or consequence. O Connor’s stories, notably†¦show more content†¦Even though his mother is horrifically racist, Julian’s thoughts reveal to the reader that he is no better than she is. He even fantasizes about how he could terrify his mother by marrying a black women. O Connor writes, â€Å"Instead, he approached the ultimate horror. He brought home a beautiful suspiciously Negroid woman. Prepare yourself, he said,† (10). The lengths Julian goes to degrade his mother say more about him than they do about her. His criticism of her racism identifies him as a complete hypocrite. However, Julian, like many O Connor characters, experiences a sudden realization that stems from his flaws. Toward the end of the story, his mother attempts to give a coin to the child of a belligerent black women, who, not coincidentally, has the exact same absurd hat that his mother was wearing at the beginning of the story. He finds this hilarious, thinking, â€Å"The vision of the two hats, identical, broke upon him with the radiance of a brilliant sunrise. His face was suddenly lit with joy. He could not believe that Fate had thrust upon his mother such a lesson,† (11). David Leigh, who wrote an essay concerning O’Connor’s short fiction, comments on this particular relationship. He explains, â€Å"Only after he experiences the suffering of his mother, who has a stroke at the end of her conflict with a

Universal Health Care - 1668 Words

Benefit of universal healthcare to the society. It will be difficult to imagine life without health care. Health care today has become a serious issues, and concern because the vast medical costs. The private insurances company denying treatment bills and these have become the concern of the government of United State. The Government has been trying to reform the health care by introducing a universal health care system. A system whereby a basic health needs, can be given to people without denying and pay the cost. But their some groups that think the system is not the right for choice for the Americans. The new health care law builds on what works in our health care system. And it fixes what’s broken by making improvements in several†¦show more content†¦This system minimizes the cost of spending. In todays healthcare, little money is been put in for preventive, with this system this system of the government(Jefferson and other 805).For example, it gives free prev entive services. . Preventative care are more accessible and can function well to reduce the costs. The people will be able to seek the preventive treatment, this means people will be test, and check-ups before falling ill, that is their condition will be pick up at an early stage, and be treat. A person with high cholesterol level can be detect before it causes advance illness. In this system, there is no dollar limit for people with long time illness. For example, people are being denying treatment for reaching the dollar limit from their coverage with current insurance, there are no limit to dollar in this system. The act will end the insurance companies from taking advantage of their customer and putting lifetime on their coverage. For example, people get hooked up in their insurance contracts every year. Unlucky consumers got letters from their insurers, telling the consumers that their coverage were running out without been concern about what is going on with their health, suc h as; cancer person still in for chemotherapy or maybe the consumer is waiting for serious surgery. People have better care and peace of mind because the law of universal health care has removed the loads on people. The system also give discount to brand nameShow MoreRelatedUniversal Health Care1154 Words   |  5 PagesUniversal Health Care is defined as the belief that all citizens should have access to affordable, high-quality medical care (Anderson, 2013). Currently there are 46 million that do not have health coverage in the United states and this would drastically increase to 72 million if a health reform was not passed (The Economic Case for Health Care Reform, 2012)Why the United States is the last to adopt this government mandated insurance coverage, is possibly one of the most widely asked question aroundRead MoreUniversal Health Care730 Words   |  3 PagesIn 2007, more than 45 million Americans did not have health care insurance. The United States is the only indust rialized major nation in the world without health care, and the debate about changing that has become a popular issue recently. The sharp difference between the two sides is a difference in ethical values; those for universal health care desire to see the government help others, mainly the lower class, and those who do not, wish that private companies be allowed to continue taking advantageRead MoreUniversal Health Care : Universal Healthcare1615 Words   |  7 Pages Universal Healthcare in the USA The campaign for some form of universal health care has spanned practically a century in the USA and has been the subject of political debate since the early part of the 20th century. Recent reforms remain an active and urgent political issue. Universal Health Care has been one of the leading public issues in America and in recent times this issue has risen to theRead MoreUniversal Health Care1792 Words   |  8 PagesUniversal Healthcare Systems Abstract In 2007, more than 45 million Americans did not have health care insurance. The United States is the only industrialized nation in the world without health care, and the debate about changing that has become a popular topic recently. The difference between the two sides is a difference in values; those for universal health care desire to see the government help others, and those who do not, wish that private companies be allowedRead MoreUniversal Health Care : Universal Healthcare1740 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Universal health care, sometimes referred to as universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care, usually refers to a health care system which provides health care and financial protection to all citizens of a particular country. It is organized around providing a specified package of benefits to all members of a society with the end goal of providing financial risk protection, improved access to health services, and improved health outcomes. Universal health care is not aRead MoreThe United States And Universal Health Care1582 Words   |  7 PagesStates and Universal Health Care: Should the U.S. Make the Switch? The United States has one of the largest, most complex health care systems in the world. Although the U.S. is among the wealthiest nations in the world, it is far from the healthiest and falls behind other developed nations in terms of healthcare. Mexico and the United States are the only members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which has 34 members in total, which do not have universal health careRead MoreHealth Inequalities And Universal Health Care1259 Words   |  6 PagesPetrovic 02 Dec, 2014 Health Inequalities in US and Universal Health Care as a Solution Health inequality is one of the social inequalities that may cost the lives of people unless backed by corrective policies. Universal health care is one of those tools by which we correct disparities in health care utilization and insure the health of the fellow citizens. World health Organization (WHO) defined Universal health care, also universal health coverage as â€Å"a specific type of health care coverage of all peopleRead MoreWhat Is Universal Health Care?1491 Words   |  6 Pagescan be discussed. The topic that I chose is Universal Health Care. The line of inquiry includes a little bit of history of health care, how health care is important for everyone, how it is a major topic in the United States, Obama’s plan for health care, how trumps plan will not work for Americans and how Arkansans may or may not feel on the topic of health care. The subject is Health Care; my purpose is to argue a position on how important Health Care is. The audience I’m trying to target in thisRead MoreHealth Care At The Universal Coverage910 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Health Organization (WHO) defines a universal health coverage, as a system where all citizens of a country have access to health services without incurring financial hardship. According to WHO, the systems needs to be efficient, has to provide vital medicine as well as technology and medical professionals. The system has to at least meet the basic health needs, including: HIV, TB, maternal and baby/child health as well as various non-communicable diseases. The care under the universal coverageRead MoreUniversal Health Care System Of Universal Healthcare2156 Words   |  9 Pagespracticing a system of universal health care have access to the health services they require, which, consequently, leads to overall healthier populations. Such health services include, amongst other things, prevention promotion, treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care.(who.org) These services are provided with out the risk of monetary adversity or destitution for those who use them. Ease of access to health facilities and care in turn leads to healthier people. Universal health care systems bring the

Gene doping the hype and the reality Free Essays

Genetic manipulation has produced some potential advantages to be able to alter the cells in animal models of human diseases, which may make disease as a thing of the past and help with the development of better pharmaceutical products in order to extend the human life spans, however, there are still major technological obstacles that require further research to ensure the methods and effects of genetic manipulation. The gene therapy products may not only be beneficial to human diseases, but also to athletes in sports. Some potential targets for gene doping include the induction of muscle hypertrophy, increasing oxygen delivery, and the induction of angiogenesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Gene doping: the hype and the reality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of them may be undetectable by using current tests. Therefore, in order to prevent athletes from benefiting from novel treatments for diseases, it is important to improve the technology of gene doping and the methods of detection. For some potential targets of gene doping, insulin-like growth factor 1 is an example, which is a protein that can stimulate the proliferation of cells, somatic growth and cellular differentiation. And myostatin is another protein that negatively regulates the muscle mass. Therefore, overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 1 along with the blockade of the action of myostatin may induce the hypertrophy of muscle. Moreover, increasing oxygen delivery is also important for endurance events. In order to increase the delivery of oxygen, erythropoietin can be used to raise the hematocrit because the expression of erythropoietin leads to an increase in the production of red blood cells and hence an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. As a result, it might improve the athletic performance, particularly for endurance athletes. Personally speaking, as a guy, I would like to manipulate the insulin-like growth factor 1 because it can increase the muscle mass and induce the hypertrophy of muscle which can make me look more muscular. Also, it can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the cells, which can escape age-related muscle atrophy and retain to be young. That is what everyone wants to be! For gene delivery, the genetic material is transferred into the target cell by using a delivery system called vector. Gene transfer can be divided into ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer. In ex vivo gene transfer, the cells are taken from the individuals to be treated, and then they are genetically modified in the cell culture by using the viral vector, which is more complicated and expensive. For in vivo gene delivery, the vector is prepared with the gene of interest, so this prepared vector can be used to treat many individuals, which costs less. Actually, both methods of gene delivery have their own benefits and limitations; therefore, a comprehensive gene transfer protocol is required to make sure that there is no risk to the individuals. How to cite Gene doping: the hype and the reality, Papers

Comparative Business Ethics and Social Responsibility - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Business Ethics and Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction The issue of engaging in insider trading impacts not only organizations but also the economic conditions of a country (Buzar, 2016). In most cases and just like in the case of Galleon group, most of the people who engage in this unethical business activities do so in order to attain personal advantages. The illegal trading of stock to gain personal advantage through expose non-public information have significant impact to not only an organization but also to economic condition of a countries. This means Regulators, executives and investors should come up with strict measures to prevent such activities do not happen. Over the past years, companies have been closing down because of being impacted by insider trading. Those found guilty have also ended up serving jail terms and paying huge fines (Jackson, 2012). This means confidential information is quite vital to an organization and should always be safeguarded. In this case, regulators, investors and executive have a role to play to ensure those who try to engage in this type of activities are challenged. In most cases, the manner in which people who engage in insider trading are investigated and convicted determines the manner in which other people who engage in such activities will perceive the crime (James, 2011). Based on the case study, there are various things which people can learn from the manner in which Rajaratnam was investigated and convicted. Although regulators and other stake holders are trying to stop insider trading, much need to be done to ensure the stock market is secure. The information-gathering techniques like Rajaratbams are common on the Wall Street in the fact that everyone wants to make money. Although insider trading is not legal, people will still undertake it because they believe money is more important than what is right or wrong (Aragon, 2011). The insider trading at the Galleon group case study brings up an important point that the information which analysts in regards to funds and stock is quite fundamental. This means these kind of practices are normal and even common on Wall Street. One of the major reasons why these kind of information gathering techniques are common on wall street is because of the several gains that agents, investors, and other players get, by knowing the inside information, much before the public gets to know the information. To reduce the practice, regulators, executives and investors should work together (George Pratt, 2012). Addressing the issue of inside trading is not an easy task because people always feel they can outsmart the established measures. This means those who are concerned with fighting against the issue should team up and assist each other where possible. All players should ensure those who violate the rules are punished in a manner which can make them change. If the only punished will be slaps on the wrist, other people are going to be more willing to take chances on engaging in insider trading and other unethical practices. Regulators should always keep a close eye on the firms making a lot of money, ensure there are open lines of communication for whistle blowers, and heavily prosecute the offenders in a manner which can set an example to others. Keeping close eye to companies making a lot of money will assist the regulators to determine if the company makes the money in the right manner or not (Kisilowski, 2014). From this case study, Rajaratnam made a lot of money without considering business ethics. The action taken upon him can be said to be light because based on the nature of crime committed, he could have been given punishment that could make him learn from experience and also discourage other people who may wish to engage in similar activities To reduce Insider trading and similar crimes, regulators should set strict regulations requiring all organizations to have full compliance, surveillance, supervisory, and control measures in place to identify possible illegal trading (Moon, 2011). They should also guide executives on coming with rules which can direct employees to do what is right. In some cases, crimes such as inside trading happening because there are no proper rules and guidelines which direct employees to behave ethically. Executives should liaise with regulators in ensuring all staff members comply with established regulations. Generally insider trading is illegal, and failing to comply with the established measures should lead to the necessary legal actions. Apart from punishing, regulators should also ensure those found guilty are taught concerning the implications of engaging in unethical business practices (Buzar, 2016). These can be through establishing training programs in companies, or in prisons to assist the offenders to understand the importance of engaging in ethical and legal business practices. These training programs should comprise of comprise of letting them know the implication of these kind of practise like for example impact on economy, businesses, and so forth. It is also advisable for regulators to expose people who engage in unethical business activities to the public, stating how they were punished. This can assist in preventing these kind of activities from happening (Kline, 2010). If for example Rajaratnam issue was publicly exposed, other people who were engaging in such activities would learn a lesson and choose to do only what is right to earn money. The information exposed should comprise of the crime committed and the fine or the jail term. Investors should avoid investing their funds in firms whose integrity track records are not good (Everton, 2011). They should play a role in ensuring the companies they choose to invest their funds complies with all ethical requirements. Because Investors are important stakeholders in companies, assisting to ensure full compliance to ethical requirements can assist in reducing unethical practices because all companies wants to attract more investors and retain the existing ones. Investors should also come up with powerful data analysis tools to detect illegal or unethical activities that happen in the stock markets. With the powerful data analysis tools, they will be able to spot all suspicious activities when they occur (Greenberg, 2011). Scrutinizing major activities in organizations such as mergers, acquisitions, and divestments is also fundamental because it can assist them to identify if there are unusual practices which can risk their funds. Executives on the other hand have to be loyal to their staff members and ensure they analyse their employee from time to time to identify their level of integrity. They should also be careful when communicating with outsiders because they can influence the reputation of a company especially when sensitive information is leaked (Leube, 2012). When engaging in any form of communication with untrusted people, it is advisable to first identify their motive and come up with best strategies of responding to their queries. Executives can also control these kind of unethical activities from happening through setting strict rules within organizations (Shiri, 2016). These rules should be aimed at ensuring their firms have robust compliance with the ethical requirements. They should also ensure there is good surveillance, supervision and control measures to ensure illegal activities are detected and addressed as early as possible. What are the implications of sharing confidential material information? Is it something that would affect your decision about how to trade a stock if you knew about it? From the case study, Rajaratnam unethically collaborated with teams from other firms to secretly discuss information concerning stocks that was supposed to remain confidential to the concerned parties. Engaging in this kind of activity is wrong because secrets remains important for the success of businesses (Hazels, 2015). Discussing information that has not been released to the public may make stakeholders to develop negative attitude towards the company especially when the information shared was subject to corrections. Confidential information should not be released without the permission from all parties (Tesfayohannes, 2010). In business sector, confidentiality is an inspiration that embraces business techniques and secrets, as well as common understanding through promoting self-belief among the parties. Any information that is termed as confidential usually have great value to businesses and therefore if shared can lead to various implications. Sharing confidential material information risky and unethically right. The ethical implication of engaging in this kind of fraud is that it leads to unfairness to other investors (ElZein, 2013). It is also unethical because it involves getting money through illegal means. The activity is risky because it has various consequences which can not only affect the person involved but also other people. The other implication of these practices is that it can make one to be in trouble with many aspects including the law (Gaughan, 2011). For example, based on the case study, Rajaratan and his colleagues landed in trouble of serving jail term and even paying huge amount of money as fine. Being jailed because of engaging in this type of activities also makes one waste a lot of time which he/she would have used to do better things. When a company insider shares a confidential material information with the wrong people, the investor gets an unfair advantage (Geis, 2011). To illustrate, firms that trade publicly on stocks exchanges have to openly unveil their quarterly financial statements at designated and scheduled months and dates to the stock exchanges. Once the information is publicly declared, it is becomes a level playing field for all the investors and the stock prices can go up or down depending on this additional information. Insider trading is illegal in the fact that it is unfair to the other parties in the trade markets. In a market where insider trading takes place, companies and investors lose a lot in terms of finances. As a result of this, they choose to utilize their money in doing other things instead of investing where security of their funds is not guaranteed (Peterson, 2012). Investment plays a key factor in determining the economic condition of a country and therefore if little or no investment takes place a country maybe at the risk of experiencing economic distress. In some cases, engaging in this kind of business activities can make one to be banned from the industry. One of the reasons why this action may be taken is because this kind of activities have a significant impact to performance of organizations and in most cases may make some of them to collapse (Harris, 2010). From the case study, some of the companies where Rajaratnam worked collapsed because of being victims of insider trading. Closing down of organizations may have serious impact to the country because it may lead to increase in criminal cases because of unemployment, economic downfall among others. Sharing confidential information may lead to serious financial issues in companies. The reason for this is because apart from profit generation, firms also require money in order to operate (Dolgopolov, 2010). When this fraud happen, investors will also fear investing with affected companies, where in some cases those who have already invested end up pulling out their investments in fear of losing their money. This brings serious impact in the companies which in some cases make them to close down. From the case study, Rajaratnam was charged with different cases of fraud and conspiracy. The fraud activities he committed had a significant impact to the thriving company. It also impacted the stock market and financial condition of every person who was involved in the conspiracy. From this scenario, it is evident that this kind of fraud has serious implications to the offender, the market, and the economy at large. This kind of information would dramatically impact my decision concerning how to trade stock mainly because it is illegal and the justice system do not allow the legal rights to do so. There are numerous implications of trading stock in an industry where these activities are rampant and therefore if I was aware about it, the best option would be choosing not to make any decision concerning the stock. The reason why I would choose not to make any decision concerning trading a stock is because insider trading risks investment and no one wants to be involved or invest in companies or markets where security of finances is not guaranteed. Insider trading does not give fairness to investors and therefore if one knows that such activities occur, then he/she will not consider doing other things rather than trading a stock. Do you think the secret investigation and conviction of Rajaratnam and other people in the Galleion network will deter other fund managers and investors from sharing non-public information? The manner in which law offenders are punished determines the chances of repeating similar offences or other people committing similar crimes (Dugan, 2016). In situations where the public is not allowed to know how offenders are punished, then people may fail to understand the consequences of engaging in this kind of crimes. To avoid serious misconducts like insider trading from happening, regulators should have nothing to hide when investigating and convicting those found guilty. The process of undertaking investigation and conviction should be aimed at punishing the offender and acting as a lesson for those who may wish to engage in similar activities. Secret investigation and conviction of Rajaratnam and other individuals in galleon network will not deter other fraud managers and investors from sharing non-public information because in the society there will be people who will always think they can outsmart the system (Dhaoui, 2015). People will always engage in these kind of frauds paying much attention of the benefits and not the repercussions. For example from the case study, Rajaratnam was much on the gains than what he could suffer from the action, or how the action would affect other people. Most people like Rajaratnam usually have the mind that I will not be caught. This makes them to undertake the unlawful activities with the mentality of attaining personal gains without thinking about the consequences. Stopping this kind of fraud will be hard because people will always come with new tactics. People who have high desires of becoming rich will always search for all means of attaining money (Jolly, 2013). Once a particular control measure is established, they come up with a new tactic to outsmart it. This means regulators, executives and investors should always be on watch out and come up with proper measures that can fully challenge those who engage in such crimes. The other reason which can make it hard for the technique used to investigate and convict Rajaratnam to discourage other fund managers and investors from sharing non-public information is that in some cases people feel that even if they attain a lot of money and go to jail, at some point they shall come of the jail and still enjoy the money they attained (Zhou, 2014). To address this issue, investigations and conviction should be made in such a manner that will make others to see the problem of engaging in illegal practices. For those found guilty like Rajaratnam, investigations and conviction should never remain a secret. They should be exposed to the public so as to know that there are consequences associated with the practice. For those found guilty, there should be a requirement to refund the illegally acquired money and pay fine. This will assist in eliminating the mentality that even after serving the jail term one will be released and still enjoy the money he/she acquired (Everton, 2011). The fine should be huge enough so as to assist other people who might have the mentality of engaging in similar practices to realize the consequences associated with it once caught. Based on various aspects like the jail term, fine and other factors, Rajaratnams case cannot play a role in discouraging other fund managers from practicing insider trading. The only way of preventing such activities from happening is regulators, executives and investors working together to educate employees about the repercussions of engaging in such kind of frauds (Gaughan, 2011). Executives should also ensure employees are given better compensation for the work they do so that they cannot find the reason of engaging in activities which can have negative implications in their lives. Investigation, conviction and freeing of those found guilty is not a solution to the problem because even those who are jailed and released repeat similar crimes. Conclusion In conclusion, information gathering techniques like Rajaratnmans are common on Wall Street because the aim of most people is to make money irrespective of whether the situation is right or wrong. To avoid such frauds from happening, regulators must ensure strict legal measures are established and the right actions are taken upon those who violate them. Executives should also play a role through being loyal to their staff members. They should be careful when communicating with outsiders and should always scrutinize the people they hire to determine their integrity level. Investors should avoid investing their funds in firms whose track record in terms of integrity is suspected. There are various implications of sharing confidential material information. Some of these implications comprise of wasting a lot of money in paying fines and a lot of time while serving jail terms. Sharing confidential material information can also have serious impact on economy and performance of companies. Engaging in such activities can also make one to lose a job and be banned from the industry. Secret investigation and conviction of Rajaratnam and other people at the Galleion group will not discourage other fund managers and investors from sharing non-public information because people will always think that they can outsmart the system. People will also engage in such activities in order to get money without considering whether the activities are right or wrong. It is important for regulators to ensure the manner in which such cases are handled is made public. When dealing with this kind of crimes, it is also advisable to ensure the punishment given is worth making other people who may wish to engage in such crimes to learn a lesson. Bibliography Aragon, G., 2011. Financial Ethics: A Positivist Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. Buzar, S., 2016. Review of Mary Godwin, Ethics and Diversity in Business Management Education. A Sociological Study with International Scope. The Journal of Philosophical Economics, 10(1), pp. 98-120. Dhaoui, A., 2015. Empirical Linkages between Trading Volume and Stock Markets Shocks: When Sentiments Drive Investors' Behavior. Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 5(2), pp. 97-102. Dolgopolov, S., 2010. Risks and Hedges of Providing Liquidity in Complex Securities: The Impact of Insider Trading on Options Market Makers. Fordham Journal of Corporate Financial Law, 15(2), pp. 89-105. Dugan, M. G., 2016. Ethical Issues Related to Earnings Management: An Instructional Case. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 22(4), pp. 201-116. ElZein, H. L., 2013. Attitude towards Business Ethics after the Arab Spring: Influence of Religiosity, Gender and Political Affiliation. American Academic Scholarly Research Journal, 5(3), pp. 56-89. Everton, M., 2011. The Grand Chorus of Complaint: Authors and the Business Ethics of American Publishing. New York: Oxford University Press. Gaughan, P., 2011. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Restructurings. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Geis, G., 2011. White-Collar and Corporate Crime: A Documentary and Reference Guide. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. George, A. Pratt, C., 2012. Case Studies in Crisis Communication: International Perspectives on Hits and Misses. New York: Routledge. Greenberg, M., 2011. Directors as Guardians of Compliance and Ethics within the Corporate Citadel: What the Policy Community Should Know : Conference Proceedings. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Harris, L., 2010. Regulated Exchanges: Dynamic Agents of Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press. Hazels, T., 2015. Ethics and Morality: What Should Be Taught in Business Law?. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 19(2), pp. 56-69. Jackson, K., 2012. Virtuosity in Business: Invisible Law Guiding the Invisible Hand. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. James, H., 2011. Corporate Dreams: Big Business in American Democracy from the Great Depression to the Great Recession. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Jolly, E., 2013. The Poli-Intel Industry: Considering the Common Law's Application in Insider Trading under the Stock Act. American University Business Law Review, 2(2), pp. 52-78. Kisilowski, M., 2014. Free Market in Its Twenties. New York: Central European University Press. Kline, J., 2010. Ethics for International Business: Decision Making in a Global Political Economy. New York: Routledge. Leube, K., 2012. Business Ethics, Sharpened. Volume 143, pp. 54-65. Moon, J. M., 2011. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Education: A Trans-Atlantic Comparison. Journal of Management and Organization, 17(5), pp. 452-485. Peterson, A., 2012. White Collar Crime in the Mutual Fund Industry. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly. Shiri, A., 2016. Exploring Information Ethics: A Metadata Analytics Approach. Journal of Information Ethics, 25(1), pp. 97-102. Tesfayohannes, M. C., 2010. Integrating Ethics into Entrepreneurship Education: An Exploratory Textbook Analysis. Tesfayohannes, Mengsteab Driscoll, Cathy, Volume 13, pp. 145-165. Zhou, H. S., 2014. Cross Listing, Disclosure Regimes, and Trading Volume Sensitivity to Stock Returns. Journal of Economics and Finance, 38(3), pp. 54-89.

Bones Essays - Skeletal System, Anatomy, Biology, Zoology, Bone

Bones Many people believed that the bone is static and inert, but this idea is incorrect, the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are continually being recycled and renewed through a process called remodeling. This process goes under way throughout life, as part of normal bone maintenance. Bone remodeling plays a key factor between the activities of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. In the adult stage, osteocytes are continually removing and replacing the surrounding calcium salts. But osteoclasts and osteoblasts also remain active, even after the epiphyseal plates have closed. For the most part their activities have a balance. As one osteon forms through the activity of osteoblasts, another is destroyed by osteoclasts. In young adult, approximately each year one fifth of the adult skeleton is demolished and the rebuilt or replaced. The turnover and recycling of minerals give each bone the ability to adapt to new stresses. The mechanism that controls the internal organization and structure is osteoblast. Whenever a bone is stressed, the mineral crystals generate electrical fields. Osteoblasts have an attraction to these electrical fields, and once they are in this area they begin to produce bone. Since bones are adaptable , their shapes reflect the forces applied to them. Heavily streeled bones become thicker and stronget, whereas bones not being accessible to ordinary stresses will be deteriorated. Therefore is important to exercise daily to maintain a normal bone structure.

SOUNDOFF--A Computer For All Students--Revisited Essays

SOUNDOFFA Computer For All StudentsRevisited Essays SOUNDOFFA Computer for All StudentsRevisited The introduction of the graphing calculator has changed the structure of teaching and learning mathematics. This made it possible for everybody to receive the benefits of a computer-generated visualization without the high cost of a computer. These graphing calculators over the years have lowered in cost, became easier to use, and are more portable. The next generation of graphing computers has arrived with the recent introduction of the Texas Instrument TI-92. This relative inexpensive calculator will allow more high school teachers to teach an area mostly untouched, computer symbolic algebra and computer interactive geometry, because it has not been practical or possible. The TI-92 is merely the beginning of the new revolution of hand-held computing tools. The next challenge mathematics teachers are facing is the teaching of traditional paper-and-pencil symbolic algebra skills. This task has been made obsolete by the more accurate and faster computer symbolic algebra algorithms. Students can get a far better illustration of important concepts and applications of mathematics with these new hand-held tools than with the traditional paper-and-pencil task. The paper-and-pencil task and other traditional skills must still be acquired, but students should spend less time acquiring it. More emphasize must be put on computing tools. Students should take advantage of the computer technology to become powerful and thoughtful "problem solvers." The process of changing from traditional methods to a more computer-oriented environment has to be met by the education and mathematics community. Educators should have textbooks that better represents the new technology. Teachers need to be more technology literate. The mathematics community must dispel the image of "doing mathematics" with the traditional paper-and-pencil method. These reforms can better teach students important skills needed for the future. The use of technology in mathematics will give students an advantage mathematics and related technology. Students will need that advantage if they wish to compete in the twenty-first century. Opinion This article stressed very important issues educators, teachers, and the mathematics community must face. The reform will change the course of mathematics in school and elsewhere. As a student, I am very concern about the future of mathematics. My future plans will revolve around mathematics and technology. I understand the need to continue using the paper-and-pencil methods, but computing tools should be added to the current criteria. The future will be technologically intense and very competitive. Graphing calculators has enhanced mathematics and I think the new powerful computing tools will do the same for the next generation. These hand-held computers are inexpensive and contain very powerful and versatile computer software. This could be the computer for all mathematics students. October 14, 1997 Math 5A Research Project

Arbitration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Arbitration - Coursework Example The advantage of arbitration is that parties can manipulate it to suit their specific requirements. In the present world, majority of lawyers and business people frequently encounter the concept of arbitration. When a dispute first arises, none of the parties may think about resorting to arbitration in the initial stages. However, any one of the disputing parties may propose that instead of the going through the usual legal procedure, the dispute can be resolved by the method of arbitration under the mutual agreement. Again, there are certain cases of dispute, where arbitration clauses are included in the standard agreement. In such cases, the parties involved in the dispute are needed to go through the arbitration process irrespective of whether arbitration can provide a mutually agreeable solution to the case. In the present world, many courts of law are exploring the option of sponsoring an arbitration process themselves. These processes are expected to resolve a number of pending cases and thus reduce the huge burden of the courts.123 The table below shows the different legislation processes that are included under ADR and also classifies them according to their formality. Arbitration is considered to be a more formal form of ADR. 4 The various legislation relating to arbitration give an idea about its international character. ... After The Act came into effect, both England and Wales witnessed an increase in the number of dispute cases settled by arbitration, while London developed into a renowned hub for international arbitration. A report published in 2007-2008 reviewing this Act declared that the legislations under the Act had been prevalent in the regions for more than ten years and were successful in providing out-of-court solutions for a large number of cases. Therefore, the Act was not required to be subjected to any significant alterations. However, the report also stated that there was still significant opportunity for the arbitrators in the country to implement strong and rational practices in the process of arbitration. The English Arbitration Act was actually an instrument which was required to be utilized effectively by the arbitrators while resolving disputes. Till the year 2007, the legislation governing arbitration in England and Wales has remained more or less the same. However, arbitration c ases in Scotland were subject to a separate legislation framework, from that of England and Wales. The Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provision) (Scotland) Act 1990 monitors the application of the UNCITRAL Model Law to commercial arbitration cases in Scotland that fall within the area of international jurisdiction. 7 Therefore, the mandatory legislations enumerated in the English Arbitration Act, 1996 can be applied to the arbitration cases which originate in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. However, the arbitral agreements do not fall under the jurisdiction of the English Law. The fundamental legislations in the Act exhibit that the process of arbitration is not a

Asbestos hazards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Asbestos hazards - Essay Example The case of James Hardie Industries in Australia is a learning experience on how failure of the businesses to induce a mechanism of occupational health issues can remain critical to its operations. Occupational health hazards do exist in daily operations in most businesses. However, it remains the role of the managers and the health department to ensure that the staff and the target consumers are safe, during the process of conducting the sales as well as production. That is the reason the national department on safety does recommend that every business should have a safety program for its workers prior to kicking off its operations. Some of the business products are at the verge of posing long-term effects to the victims of the same. It, therefore, remains expensive to compensate the victims as long-term damage has already occurred in their system. Prevention is always better than cure. It is advantageous for a firm to come up with outlines of hazards prevention rather than coming u p with them when damage has already happened. Utilization of protective devices is also important especially in areas where various lethal gases or solids are at risk of coming into contact with the bodies of the victims.Deaths related to asbestos toxicity were on the increase. Everybody was aware that the firm was responsible for the effects. Mesothelioma was the main condition that the majority of people suffered from. More than 10000 deaths did occur in Australia due to the toxicity emanating from asbestos.

The American Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The American Revolution - Research Paper Example However, in 1783 the Treaty of Paris brought to an end the war with Great Britain getting forced to acknowledge the independence of United State’s 13 colonies. Whereas no particular event gets credit for the actual origin of the revolution, the war started as a disagreement concerning the treatment of the colonies by the Great Britain versus the manner in which the colonies perceived they needed to be treated. Although Americans believed they had permission to all the rights of Englishmen, on the other hand, the British believed that the aim of establishing the colonies was for them to be used in the manner in which that was best suitable to the crown, as well as the parliament. There is an exemplification of this dispute was evident in the rallying whimpers of the American Revolution, along with the motto: No Taxation Without Representation. Based on America’s way of thinking, the distance between the colonies from Great Britain led to independence, which happened to be hard in overcoming. Those eager to colonize the modern world in general had a strong, independent trait desiring modern opportunities, as well as enhanced freedom. Apart from that, the being of colonial legislatures denoted that the colonies were literary independent of the crown since the legislatures had the authority of levying taxes, mustering troops and passing laws. Eventually, these powers turned into rights according to many colonists. As a result, when curtailed by the British, there was the development of conflict; therefore, the United States’ future leaders found into these legislatures. Although the British trusted in mercantilism, Robert Walpole who was the Prime Minister espoused a viewpoint of salutary neglect. Salutary neglect was a system in that the actual imposition of external trade relations was sloppy. His perception w as that this enhanced freedom would end up stimulating commerce. A number of the revolutionary leaders had studied key writings concerning the Enlightenment comprising of those of Thomas Hobbes, the Baron de Montesquieu, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. As a result, the founders garnered the ideas of the social contract, separation of powers, limited government and consent of the governed.2 For almost a decade, there was mounting between Great Britain, as well as the American Colonies since the British government had bypassed a sequence of laws in trying to elevate their control over the colonies. However, Americans had grown fond of having authority concerning their local government; therefore they objected to these latest laws, while at the same time, protesting getting taxed devoid of their approval. In 1775, Britain’s Parliament affirmed Massachusetts, the core of the majority of the protests, as being rebellious thereby placing the British troops in Boston to undert ake swift action on the rebels; war broke out shortly afterwards. The Colonies were fundamentally unprepared for war since they did not have a central government, while, at the same time, they lacked a controlled army or navy. Representatives from the colonies organized the first Continental Congress undertaking the national government’s duties. Apart from that, Congress was in charge of the war effort thereby voting to coordinate an army, as well as a navy. This led to George Washington, who was not only a wealthy Virginia landowner, but also a former military officer, getting selected as the Continental Army’s chief commander. This led to the Congress embracing the Declaration of Independence whereby the colonies affirmed their liberty from British statute on July 4, 1776. Tension had been elevating between Great

Company Law Overview

Company Law Overview Table of Contents Advantages of forming a incorporating company.. Differences between private limited company and public limited company.. Disadvantages of forming a company A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies Documents required for registration.. Role of Registrar of companies What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill.. Bibliography.. Advantages of forming a incorporating company The process of formation (registration) incorporated company is regulated by law in the Companies Act 2006. Summarised below the main advantages of incorporating the company. Limited Liability The most important of the advantages of incorporation is its limited liability, what means that the legal responsibility of shareholders is limited to the amount paid on their shares. The most important thing for Jack and Jill might be that their personal assets will not be put at risk. Separate Legal Identity The limited liability company is a legal entity separate from the board and its members (shareholders). And again, any debts made by the company will not be borne personally. Protection of Company Name The name of the company must be unique and no one else cannot use it. However the choice of company name is restricted and complies with the rules. Continuity In case that Directors, management and employees leave, retire, die it doesnt mean that the company will be winding up. Once the company is formed it will be exist till insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation or other cause of the courts or Registrar of Companies. Taxation Sole traders and partnership companies pay income tax but the companies pay corporation tax which has currently lower rate than income tax. There are also wider range of allowances and tax deductible costs which decreases the taxable profit. Differences between private limited company and public limited company DIFFERENCES PUBLIC COMPANIES PRIVATE COMPANIES NAME Must end with ‘Public Limited Company or PLC Must end with Private Limited Company or LTD (unless the company is unlimited) SHARE CAPITAL Must have a minimum subscribed share capital of  £50,000 and this must be paid up to at least 25% (at least  £12,500 must already have been raised by the issue of shares) No limit on share capital SHARES The company may offer its shares and debentures to the public (stock exchange) Cannot be advertised for sale or listed on the stock exchange DIRECTORS At least 2 One director COMPANY SECRETARY Must have suitably qualified company secretary There is no obligation to have a secretary, if there is one does not need to be qualified ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Must hold every calendar year No obligation, of AGM, unless there is the decision to have one Disadvantages of forming a company In the first stage of the formation of a company must be prepared various documents, such as: memorandum of association and articles of association, a statement of capital and declaration of compliance, which must be delivered to the registrar of companies at Companies House. This stage is more laborious and complicated in comparison to the partnership and therefore incorporated companies will take longer to set up. The company also must have a unique name and gain unique number from Registrar of Companies. To set up the company there must be paid fees which make this type of company more expensive to set up. Also, there are extensive legal issues that have to be complied with. The various ongoing formalities must fill and publicity include the companys directors, secretary, also the financial accounts (which can be viewed by individual or other companies), the annual return of the company, and constitution. A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Limited by shares what means that the liability of the members (shareholders) of the company is limited by the memorandum to the amount capital originally invested. That will protect the shareholders private assets in the event of the company will announce bankruptcy. This kind of liability I would advice to Jack and Jills company as their private assets will not be involved in case of insolvency. Limited by guarantee means that the liability of shareholders is limited to the amount which they have undertaken or guaranteed to pay if company winding up. This kind of liability has normally been formed for educational or charitable purposes, and may or not have a share capital. If there is a share capital, the shareholders liability is for the amount of his shares and also to the amount of guarantee. Companies with no share capital normally gain funds by subscription or endowments. Unlimited means that there is no limit of the liability of the shareholders. Unlikely to the partnership the shareholders are not directly liable to creditors, but they are liable to the company. However, their liability is the same as partners. Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies In the Company Act 2006 many of the changes has applied to small private companies and its one of the most important rules is a simplification of the corporate regime. Some of these rules will be presented below: The company makes the decision if they wish to appoint the company secretary, as they are no longer obligated to do so. The shareholders written resolutions are no longer has to be unanimity. The simple majority of the eligible shares for ordinary resolutions, but 75% for special resolutions. The Act gives a possibility of reducing share capital by a company without obtaining the court order. Also reduces the period of filing the accounts from 10 to 9 from the financial year end. Documents required for registration 1. The memorandum of association This document is also known as an external constitution of the company, and determines key features of the companys status. From 1st of October 2009 the document was simplified and does not contain too much information, but it has to be prepared by those who wants to form an incorporation company under Company Act 2006. This must contain the subscribers names and signatures and if the company has a share capital, each of the member must have at least one share. 2. The articles of association (CA 2006 s. 18) The article of association (also known as internal constitution of the company) is the most important because it determines how company will be operate and regulates the rights between members, directors and company. The company has a right to make a changes to articles but it has to be done during the general meeting and the copy should be delivered, within 15 days from the day the changes were enacted, to the Registrar of Companies. The articles of association must be sign This document must be signed by each subscriber of the memorandum in the presence of a one witness and usually areas such as: Rights, duties and responsibilities of the directors; General meetings’ organization; Company’s members voting rights; Shares issues and transfers, shares’ classes, share certificates; Paying dividends and etc. To make easier preparation of this document for the companies, Companies House has prepared standard article of association and might be adapted by this company. All of these documents are available to download from Companies House website: http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/; but also can be received from: company formation agents, accountants or legal stationers. 3. IN01 form The registration application (which contains the statement of compliance) The name of the company might be chosen, by those of setting up the company, of any name they wish, however there is certain rules which must be kept. The situate of the office of the company A statement of the objects of the company A statement of the limitation of liability of the company A capital clause stating the amount of the share capital which is authorised and the division of the share capital into shares of a stated amount Role of Registrar of companies The Companies Act 2006 makes the rules how the documentation should be filled in Companies House. The Registrar of Companies is responsible to record and control from companies either new or existing, to incorporate and dissolve companies, regulates formation of new companies and changes of existing companies, and also deals with any breaches of Companies Act. The section 1117 Companies Act covers where is stated the form, delivery’s manner, method of authentication, whether delivered electronically or as a paper document. The one of responsibility isto make the information available to the public. The names can be checked on Companies House website before formation, but also Registrar of Companies will check that if it is consistent with rules. The name of the company must be chosen very carefully, and the best way to make it easy to memorise is to make it as logical to the company activity as it possible. The name cannot be similar to other companies and should be too long as the long names are difficult to memorise. The words cannot be used but might be if the company will receive a written permission from the Department of Constitutional Affairs. These words are: Royal, Queen, King. The words used by a company without a permission such as: â€Å"Solicitor† or â€Å"Patent Agent†; might be treated as criminal offence. There is also words that company will need to get a written specified bodys permission, and they are: British, English, International, Group or Association. What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006 In the Section 33 of Companies Act 2006 that is provided information for a statutory contract between the company and its members; each member of the company and other companies. Over the years this contract have made a lot of controversy and confusion. The main question is if the contract might be enforced by members, to make sure that the right associated with them in another role such as the right given to a director who is also a member. In the members rights were breached, the company can be sued by them. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill Corporate personality means that the company is treated as a legal entity and its personality exist independently from its owners, directors and shareholders. That means also that the company is liable for its own debts and can sue but it can be sued in its own name and also a company can buy and sell properties in its own name. The limited liability of the company means that the shareholders are not liable on its private assets for the debts belongs to the company (as the company and the owners are two separate entity). This might be one of main advantages to register the company by Jack and Jill with Companies House. In case of any problems with liquidity of the company, problems with paying companys liability such as loans or debenture, Jack and Jill private assets will be safe from creditors of the company. The case Salomon v A. Salomon Co. Ltd (1887) will illustrate and will be the best example the separate entity: Mr Salomon owned a boot-making business which was sold to another company A. Salomon Co. Ltd, which had been formed by the same Salomon. â€Å"There were seven members in the business: his wife, daughter and four sons who took one share each and Salomon himself who took 20,000 shares. The price paid by the company to Salomon was  £30,000 but instead of giving him cash, the business gave him 20,000 fully paid shares and  £10,000 in the secured debentures i.e. he lent the company  £10,000 which was owed to Salomon and  £7000 to unsecured creditors. The unsecured creditors claimed that as Salomon Co Ltd was really the same person, he could not owe money to himself and that they should be paid their  £7000 first. Held: The House of Lords stated that Salomon was entitled to the  £6000 and the unsecured creditors got nothing. The reason for this decision was that the company was to be regarded as a completely separate person in the eyes of the law from its members and its officers. The House of Lords thought it a completely irrelevant argument that Salomon was the leading shareholder in the company and that he could effectively control the destiny of the business.[1] Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005) Bibliography: Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005 Websites used: http://www.bridgewest.eu/ http://startups.co.uk/ http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk http://www.companylawclub.co.uk/ 1 [1] Case Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005)

Nicaraguan Politics and Government Essay -- Essays on Politics

Nicaraguan Politics and Government On the narrow isthmus known as Central America, between the world’s two greatest oceans, Nicaragua has been marked by endless years of political turmoil, social tension and economic dismay. The turmoil’s that have shaken the country make it plausible to believe that by some metaphysical law, Nicaraguan politics have accommodated to nature’s tantrums. Like its diverse, rugged and seismically active geology, the country’s politics have been irregular, impulsive and often explosive (Pastor, 15). The Nicaraguan election of February 25, 1990 represents the country’s attempt to break from its turbulent political past and pursue economic and political stability through the establishment of a democracy. The country’s elections marks a zenith for world democracy, in that no country’s elections had ever been witnessed by more international observers from more diverse groups than was Nicaragua's. The election was closely monitored by myriads of international observers including members of the Organization of American States, United Nations as well as members of the Carter Center including its founder, ex-US President Jimmy Carter. That Sunday morning, beginning at 6 A.M. about one and half million Nicaraguans- about 86 percent of eligible voters- went to cast their vote in one of over four thousand polling sites throughout the country; the outcome of this election marks a decisive point in the country’s history. The results will determine the people’s willingness to either continue with the rule of Daniel Ortega and the Sandinista party that had been in power for over ten years and established a socialist government; or to break away from the misery and persecution of the regime and establish a free, ... ...ntinuous effort to enact policies that will be beneficial to the Nicaraguan people and country as a whole. Work Cited Baumeister, Eduardo. Estructura y Reforma Agraria en Nicaragua. Managua: Editorial Ciencias Sociales, 1998. Close, David. Nicaragua: The Chamorro Years. London: Lynne Rienner, 1999. Leiken, Robert S. Why Nicaragua Vanquished. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, Inc., 1992. Morley, Morris H. Washington, Somoza, and the Sandinistas. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994. Pastor, Robert A. Not Condemned to Repetition. Cambridge: Westview P, 2002. Plan Nacional de Desarollo. Gobierno de Nicaragua. 15 May 2005 . Stone, Samuel Z. The Heritage of the Conquistadors. Lincoln: University of Nebraska P, 1990. Walker, Thomas W. Reagan Versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on Nicaragua. Boulder: Westview P, 1987.

Themes of Modern Terrorism Bakunin’s God and the State

Mohit Mulani Prof. James Gilligan 22/12/12 â€Å"God and the State† The idea of malevolent terrorism is fundamentally rooted in an extremist interpretation of religion enabled and to a great extent encouraged by priests and political figures. To examine this closely with reference to historical situations and ideas, we can apply the notions bought forward by the Russian 19th century philosopher and nihilist Bakunin in his seminal book, â€Å"God and State. †In the book, doctinaires are critiqued quite heavily for their relentless imposition of impractical ideals upon the world. With regards to the, Bakunin states, â€Å"They are so jealous of the glory of their God and of the triumph of their idea that they have no heart left for the liberty or the dignity or even the sufferings of living men, of real men. Divine zeal, preoccupation with the idea, finally dry up the tenderest souls, the most compassionate hearts, the sources of human love. God & the State, 65)† C omparing these 19th century doctinaires with modern day terrorists we see a group of people so completely enthralled by the superiority of their belief systems that they are more than willing to compromise the lives of non-believers to ‘persuade' others. This follows in the line of a traditional process that requires the destruction and absolute overhaul of a current system and its institutions in order for a new one to establish itself and thrive.Referred to in the line, â€Å"Every development necessarily implies a negation,† the idea is the basis of aggressive and violent terrorism globally (God & the State, 9). The September 11th attacks for instance were planned to include bombings of the Pentagon and White House, both symbolic locations representing the centers of Western imperialism and sources of resentment for the jihadis. This is particularly important given how modern day authors, journalists and thinkers have emphasized the peaceful nature of Islam when inte rpreted by its scriptures. Looking at the sheer organization and potency of terrorist rganizations, it seems as though the hyper-violent aspect of this otherwise ‘peaceful' religion must have arisen from an understanding of this dogma. There must prevail the idea that without the destruction of certain reviled Western ideals, their preferred value systems cannot be secured across the world. Another aspect bought up in Bakunin's statement about doctrinaires was the erasure of love and sympathy towards the victims of terrorist acts. The perpetrators here have been blinded by the aggressive, nationalistic rivalry between ideologies towards the pain and suffering of others.In some cases, the real or imagined suffering of their own people, often at the hands of the West is used as a tool to harden their emotional facilities towards demonized groups of people. Several recruitment communications and propaganda display in explicit detail the torture practices, prison camp conditions a nd drone attacks the Western nations have inflicted upon suspected terrorists. This intensifies the unbridled hatred that ultimately fuels the metaphorical terror machine-churning out thousands of graduates armed with suicide vests and destructive ideals that they wish to impose upon the world.An important point here is that the origin of such behaviour isn't singularly caused by hate or resentment; it is rather the amalgamation of several factors including socio-political ones that in their totality create this belligerent section of the world. Bakunin speaks of, â€Å"the whole history of humanity, intellectual and moral, political and social, [being] but a reflection of its economic history (God & the State, 9). † The fiscal nature of countries and their people often have direct consequences on the views and positions adopted by them.The effect of poverty on the terrorist world-view most directly can be two fold. In the first case, people join jihadist factions for direct monetary recompense to themselves or their family; a significant factor in desperately poor nations and villages. An instance of this was seen after the Mumbai train bombings of 2008 in which the prime suspect Ajmal Kassab confessed to expecting approximately US$3,352 after succeeding in his mission. According to police sources, he was unaware of any Islamic tenets or verses from the Quran but had a virulent message to send nonetheless.The other effect of a poor economic state is an increased susceptibility to false priests and their version of religion. Lower socio-economic groups when faced with inconsequential lives resort to belief systems that give them comfort, solace and often a sense of superiority with respect to ideology held. This often translates to more suicide bombers by means of greater anticipation for the afterlife. A fair amount of terrorists that go onto perform suicide missions do so after comparing their current lives with the ones they expect to lead in heaven or jannah.They see poverty, distress, debt and suffering as something they can leave behind to reach a land of fountains, gardens, angels and virgins if they do the right thing. Here is where opportunistic priests and politicians swoop in employing, â€Å"base and criminal means †¦ to keep the nations in perpetual slavery. (God & the State, 11)† These self-proclaimed, â€Å"guardians and the fathers of the people,† clearly do not have their best interests at heart and see them rather as tools by which they can achieve their respective political and religious agendas.A preacher who sermonizes on the value of taking lives, leveling cities and particularly in Iran- the use of nuclear weapons, cannot possibly be representing to the people any interpretation of religious texts. Instead of performing his duties as the spiritual head of a community, he uses incendiary rhetoric to stir people who are repeatedly manipulated by their governments into believing serious propa ganda against Western nations. Bakunin expresses particular outrage at such figures referring to their acts as, â€Å" this crime of treason against humanity committed daily, in broad day, over the whole surface of the civilized world. This is interesting mostly because it alters our perspective on ideas of terrorism and makes us look intensely at what goes into the formation of one. As a global community, we express daily outrage when acts of terror be they car bombings, hijackings, kidnappings and murders occur. Caught up in these, it gets difficult to see the simultaneous crime being carried out throughout large tracts of the Middle East where the populace is systematically denied a real education in lieu of religious madrasas and indoctrination.Though vastly different, we can examine Bakunin's analysis of 19th century education and modern day madrasas. â€Å"Such are the absurd tales that are told and the monstrous doctrines that are taught, in the full light of the nineteenth century, in all the public schools of Europe, at the express command of the government. They call this civilizing the people! Is it not plain that all these governments are systematic poisoners, interested stupefies of the masses? † ( God ; the State, 11) There is quite certainly a reason for the establishment of such schools.We can posit that due to a certain moral vacuum, created by the influx of Western/European morality which itself was a consequence of the Scientific Revolution, there exists a motive to enforce conservative and restrictive moral systems. These motives when taken to their extreme engender resentment towards other forms of thinking and see them as counterproductive or directly hostile to their own. In the case of Islamic theology, the teachings have been co-opted by a small, but active militant and extremist sector.This group opposes in principle all people who do not share their belief systems calling them indicatively; non-believers, infidels and heretic s. Much like how in post war Europe this very moral vacuum was filled with branches of Totalitarianism and Fascism, the radical Middle East has adopted a similarly authoritarian system. This system is firstly authoritarian in the literal sense as most nations like Saudi Arabia have no free press, democratic governments or political parties. Secondly on a more abstract level, its religious tenets when exercised by extremists or the Mutaween are highly prohibitory and insular.An example of this sprung to international attention when in March of 2002, a girl's school in Mecca caught on fire. Members of the Mutaween or the religious police were on hand to prevent improperly dressed girls from leaving the burning building. As school was in session with an entirely female population, for the sake of comfort most girls had seen fit to take of their confining abayas and headdresses. When attempting to escape, According to a civil defense officer, the girls were forced to return by use of fo rce.This is one of many examples of religious confinement and how it is inherently parochial and inhibitory. The masses must indeed be stupefied, as Bakunin says if they consider it God's will that girls burn to death for not being dressed appropriately. Though applicable to a wide range of scenarios, this example gives us insight into the aggressions of terrorist groups. It is clearly not enough that they follow the rigid principles set in the scriptures and interpreted by their mullahs, virtually everyone must do so as well.Some priests go so far as to imply that forcing or â€Å"converting† non-believers to the jihad proffers to them a place in heaven. With this tendency to make the world follow the teachings of Allah, it seems natural that they would resort to the means made popular by tradition and used quite frequently in history for such purposes; violence. Bakunin reprimands this agenda harshly in a letter to S. Nechayev: â€Å"You said that all men should be such, t hat a complete renunciation of self, of all personal wishes, pleasures, feelings affections and ties, should be a normal, natural, everyday condition to everybody without exception.You wished and still with to make your own selfless cruelty, your own truly extreme fanaticism, into a rule of common life. You wish for an absurdity, an impossibility, a total negation of nature, man and society†¦ no society however perfect its discipline and however powerful its organization can conquer nature(On Violence, 9). † This is precisely what the terrorists seem intent on doing, enforcing by means of violence their way of life upon the world. The term ‘nature' is used here to reference the progress and advancement of society, morals and behaviour.The Scientific revolution occurred some 300 years ago and since then we have evolved, developing new systems of morality and using the social sciences to fill in the gaps left by religious dogma. These â€Å"science[s] of the futureâ €  like psychology and sociology are tools we use to fashion a new way of thinking and living(God ; the State, 61). Though they exist popular and normative definitions of good and evil, we have to a great extent outgrown them as new, more ethically complex situations arise and we approach them differently.Observing moral gray areas that we face everyday like bioethics in legislation for instance gives us an idea as to how we have been forced to evolve our moral ideas to keep up with out lifestyles. Though significant, bioethics is representative of a much larger and more pervasive phenomenon due to which we approach virtually all situations differently. For one, we refrain from moralizing a lot of issues that we would have historically used an ethical framework to describe. Our collective moral psychology as a whole has become more imaginative and we have a much larger scope to use morality in out lives.This broad, nonconservative approach has been interpreted as an empty, decade nt and immoral (rather ironically) philosophy that is engendered by liberal Western culture and extends through its rather large sphere of influence. This perceived emptiness or moral vacuum is then filled by priests, zealots and a restrictive culture that is almost reactionary in its principles, formed so diametrically opposed to the ones it aims to eliminate. Bakunin explains to Nechayev that regardless of a particular society's moral system, it is impossible to â€Å"conquer nature† or stop progress.This evolving of moral systems is the progress we've made in a past few centuries and various terrorist movements are largely the backlash experienced as a result of it. The abandonment of traditional value systems is understandably frightening and this very fear has been molded into a consequential, aggressive and parochial movement that uses undiscerning violence to erase centuries of moral advancement and replace it with a very specific, scripture-based morality that is reas suring in its decisiveness.Of note is the attempt made thereafter to brutally enforce this morality upon to world, to ensure that every woman, man and child follows the distinctive set of rules that govern radical Islamic morality. To see how truly regressive such a system is, we can examine the treatment of women in particular. The advance of feminism, especially at the turn of the century, led a revolution of ideas and social norms. The roles previously dictated by a predominantly patriarchal tradition changed and the restrictions placed on women were more or less eliminated.All terrorist groups share a contempt for women's rights and this can be explained by their aversion to change and the reversal of traditional roles. Though this discomfort with feminism also involves an element of insecurity as male roles in these societies are so dependent and inverse to female roles, it cannot possibly by itself cause men to go around in trucks shooting schoolgirls; that requires priestly o r political influence. What the terrorists fail to account is the nature of advancement and how it cannot be prevented from happening by beating people into submission. Everyday there is resistance in the ranks.Malala Yousafzai, an activist from Pakistan was shot on the 9th of October, 2012 while on a school-bus. This sort of advancement is likely to perpetuate itself amidst a large portion of the world and even killing everyone who noticeably advocates it will not prevent its growth. In Somalia, at the age of five, Ayaan Hirsi Ali underwent the torturous procedure of female circumcision (of genital mutilation as it is commonly and aptly called). This was one amongst several regressive traditions of her tribe and yet she emerged from the harshest of circumstances as an adamant feminist and atheist thinker. Man has emancipated himself; he has separated himself from animality and constituted himself a man; he has begun his distinctively human history and development by an act of disob edience and science-that is, by rebellion and by thought. (God & the State, 12)† Herein lies the key to our humanity, the very feature that is being suppressed by terrorists in favour of a more convenient, straightforward and primitive form of thinking. It is inherent in out nature to seek change, to ask questions and to doubt the dogmas we have been handed down.The fact that this leads to a complete social overhaul and the creation of multiple cognitive vacuums does not deter us from repeatedly being skeptical and thinking. The quote mentioned above refers to the Creation story of Genesis which showcases the act of disobedience, questioning of rules and the disastrous results that follow. At the end of it however, as humans we wouldn't have it any other way. Doubting the doctrines we were brought up with reduces the strangle-hold religion has upon out society and the amount of influence clergymen can exert.This is an important motivation for the priests of the Middle East to carry on with their rabble-rousing diatribes. Doing so can maintain the last vestiges of power they have over people who no longer believe in their divine capacity anymore. By diverting attention from the actual tenets of Islam and bringing to the forefront firebrand phrases from other scriptures to spur people on, they engage in self-preservation rather than the progress of the human race. The key to our development has always been in thought and rebellion, by preventing it combatively, the terrorists hold back the world nd regress us to an age before we challenged conventions. In another section of the letter to S. Nechayev, Bakunin refers to what he observes as, â€Å"an enormous lack of critical sense without which it is impossible to evaluate people and situations, and to reconcile means with ends. (On Violence, 9)† These shortcomings of Russian nihilistic revolutionaries are now echoed by Islamic terrorists. Despite their explicable beliefs, what is truly terrifying abo ut them is the raw violence and destruction jihadis seek to force upon the world.Their defensiveness towards tradition and resentment over past wars has been channeled into a form of nondiscriminatory havoc ceases to differentiate between military personnel and innocent citizens. This method is what is somewhat irreconcilable with the, â€Å"ends† it seeks to achieve. Though a destruction of the current system is required for any meaningful change to occur, it does not have to be gruesome and violent. It is however much harder for priests and politicians to spur their populace on towards peaceful goals than it is to make them favour blind violence.Speaking then about how to deal with an opposing civilization, Bakunin stats, â€Å"Societies which are inimical or positively harmful must be dissolved, and finally the government must be destroyed. All this cannot be achieved only by propagating the truth; cunning, diplomacy and deceit are necessary. (On Violence, 34)† Nowh ere in the aforementioned advise does he mention violence as a useful way to achieve success. This is particularly important as there hasn't as of yet been a noticeable conversion to the Islamic cause.Efficacy is a factor that the terrorists seem not to have consider seeking only to assuage their manufactured rage. â€Å"Hate, the negative side alone, does not create anything, does not even create the power necessary for destruction and thus destroys nothing. (On Violence, 29)† When four homegrown terrorists from London attacked the underground system, their primary motive was to avenge their fellow Muslims who had previously suffered as a result of actions undertaken by the Western governments.A large amount of bombings are becoming more about revenge and hatred than actually changing the status quo. This achieves nothing while a great deal is simultaneously sacrificed. Distinct from revenge, another cause for hatred is how the terrorists perceive the world. Bakunin refers t o the source of our progress as, â€Å"Satan, the eternal rebel, the first freethinker and the emancipator of worlds. He makes man ashamed of his bestial ignorance and obedience; he emancipates him, stamps upon his brow the seal of liberty and humanity, in urging him to disobey and eat of the fruit of knowledge. God & the State, 10)† It is fair to assume that they see the West and people such as Malala as Satanic and a corruptive influence. Both of these try to upend traditional thought and how we think about morality. By objecting to blind deference to a book or set of purportedly divine rules, democracies seek to alter people's moral psychology. This procedure has seen a backlash even in Western countries themselves in the form of radical Christianity. Ironically though this branch of religion despises Islam and the jihadis, it seeks to achieve incredibly similar goals.Every time a pastor in some midwestern state pushes for the inscription of the Hebrew commandments in fron t of court-houses, as a species, we take a collective step backwards into the Middle Ages where people believed in a fixed set of dogmas that seemed more interested in who they worshipped than in how they behaved. Similarly with the feminist movements, with the objectives of terrorism being so inherently misogynistic, we risk living in a world where women don't have the civil liberties we spent a good couple of centuries achieving.Though things in the past were straightforward and idealistic, they were also horrendously underdeveloped in modern concepts of liberty, freedom, thought, science and society. Reverting back to those circumstances involves necessarily having to deal with all its downfalls as well as the clarity of ethics it provides. We do not get to cherry-pick which part of the Middle Ages we'd like to being with us into this century as the terrorists have made amply clear.We will need to accept the oppression of women, religious minorities, homosexuals, transgenders and scientific thought as though we were actually living in the 16th century. This regression must be avoided at all costs. â€Å"Thus we come back to the essence of all religion–in other words, to the disparagement of humanity for the greater glory of divinity. (God & the State, 37)† With this statement Bakunin sums up the thrust of the religious terrorist movements around the world. They seek to avenge a perceived disrespect of a divine being and are willing to kill for it.Though they wouldn't do so spontaneously, this hatred ad murderous instinct has to be carefully cultivated from childhood by mullahs and other authoritative sources. These children then become people who are capable of leveling entire buildings for the glory of God whose existence they cannot be sure of and an afterlife they might never get to experience. Such is the power of, â€Å"collective insanity,† that drives a movement like this. (God & the State, 68) Since the 200,000 years we've exist ed, we've spent quite a lot of it questioning, developing and doubting.Attempts to prevent this are shameful in that they send us hurtling back hundreds of years to less enlightened times of dogma and religious persecution. We've outgrown the juvenile need for extremely strict religious guidance and have as a society agreed upon a set of common sense laws that don't vary significantly across national borders. We've developed social sciences to deal with the moral vacuum left after the removal of dogmas and are can deal with them without resorting to driving airplanes into skyscrapers.The existence of terrorism proves that for every collective step forward we take, there are elements that will be rendered irrelevant and have thus felt the need to make the loudest clamor possible. Though we cannot obviously devise a straightforward solution to a complex and varying problem, we can however seek to understand it. Bibliography Bakunin, Mikhail, â€Å"God and the State. † Dover Pub lications, Inc. , New York. 1970 Bakunin, Mikhail, â€Å"On Violence-letter to S Nechayev. † New York: Unity Press, [19–]

Suspense in The Turn of the Screw Essays

Suspense in The Turn of the Screw Essays Suspense in The Turn of the Screw Essay Suspense in The Turn of the Screw Essay Suspense in The Turn of the Screw 1 . Keep the stakes high: Throughout the novel, the governess is shown to be somewhat in love with her employer. She describes him as a gentleman in the prime of life, such a figure had never risen, save in a dream or an old novel, before a fluttered, anxious girl and goes on to say he struck her, in evitably, as gallant and splendid (4). In her perspective, she lives to please her employer by carrying out her duties successfully. Yet the ghosts pose a crisis thats devastating to the rotagonists world, and she is willing to do anything to prevent the corruption of the children from the ghosts. This mindset creates suspense and allows the readers to empathize with the governess to some point. 2. Apply pressure: As the antagonists of the novel are the ghosts that corrupt the children, the protagonist, the governess, can only be against insurmountable odds; she is fighting against supernatural beings. Yet, another element that adds to the pressure is the fact that she has nowhere to escape. Mrs. Grose points out that the master didnt like tale-bearing†he hated omplaints. He was terribly short with anything of that kind (35). This installs in the protagonist a resolution to never let this ghost troubles be known to her employer, as she admires him and wants to please him in all ways; now she has to deal with the ghosts by herself. This creates suspense in that the screw has been turned even more; she has no escape. 3. Create dilemmas. Suspense loves a dilemma: The most prominent dilemmas that first appear in the novel consist of the governess struggle with the childrens telling the truth about the ghosts Peter Quint and Miss Jessel. For example, when the governess sees that Floras little bed was empty, she catches her breath with all the terror that, five minutes before, [she] had been able to resist (55). She continuously believes that Flora and Miles are seeing the ghost but are lying to her. This creates a huge dilemma, as the governess faith towards the children is extinguished and the corruption of the children comes more near. This dilemma creates suspense and doubt at the same time, allowing the readers to ponder about the existence of the ghosts. 4. Complicate matters: The novel poses arious complications to the governess; starting with Miles letter of dismissal, the fact that the ghosts are of her predecessor and her lover, and mostly due to the fact that there are two turning of the screw, two children who are corrupted by the ghosts, heightens the complexity of matters to the governess. Everything crashes to the ground at the end of the novel, as Miles little heart, dispossessed, had stopped (117). 5. Create a really good villain: The villains of this novel are the ghost of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel, the governess predecessor. These villains, despite eing apparitions or ghosts, are highly Msible. The governess describes Peter Quints ghost vividly; He has red hair, very red, close-curling, and a pale face, long in shape, with straight rather queer whiskers that are as red as his hair (30). They seem to be rather clever and strongly motivated, and are powerful in the way that they have the ability to corrupt the children and destroy the governess new life. By creating fear in both the readers and the governess, these villains successfully create suspense throughout the novel. *Page numbers are fit to my book, which has a

Water Boarding Essays

Water Boarding Essays Water Boarding Essay Water Boarding Essay Legality of Water-boarding Water-boarding has been an active torture for centuries, Dating back to the early 1700s. It is a preferred torture because it does not scar the body. It simply gives the prisoner the feeling of drowning. This technique was introduced into the U. S by the Philippines, that they had colonized during WWII. Americans were shocked by the efficiency of information it was producing from prisoners. The public soon found out and began to question what they believed was a inhumane technique. The obstacles that the public presents for legalizing water-boarding is that is a inhumane torture nd should not be done to anyone no matter the severity of the crime committed. The other important issue that the public addresses is the certainty of the suspects. The issue is that why torture a possible innocent suspect that severe. Some say that water-boarding is an ineffective method of torture. All of these claims are false. Despite the violation of rights of the accused, the legal torture of prisoners through effective and efficient Water-boarding techniques will provide for the safety of national security. The obstacle involving the inhumanity of water-boarding is weak arguing point gainst the legalization of it. Inhumane would be to kill or leave marks on the body. Water-boarding does no such thing and still produces bountiful amounts of information that will in turn help save many innocent lives. When we get into the whole area of one of the most controversial techniques, waterboarding. Three people were waterboarded † not dozens, not hundreds. Three. And the one who was subjected most often to that was Khalid Sheik Mohammad and it produced phenomenal results for us (Armbruster). The quote explains Dick Cheneys trips to ater-boarding trials. He explains how water-boarding will break a terrorists will and they will give us vital information regarding national security. Water-boarding is like using paintballs, they hurt but do not kill you (Miller). Water-boarding is not an inhumane torture and should be legalized because of its effectiveness. The information water boarding provides us with regards to national security is considered to be gathered at a high rate because of its effectiveness. The public issue of certainty of the accused is a risk America will Just have to take. Would you ather have a suspected terrorist or your family tortured? (Armbruster). Armbruster brings a valid point by saying that America is taking risks to protect families across the nation. After 9/1 1, America had captured a suspect in the hijacking. When the CIA used the water-boarding technique on al-Qaida operative and supposed 9/1 1 mastermind Khalid Sheik Mohammed, he reportedly lasted 14 seconds before confessing to everything of which he was accused (Layton). The week long disaster of 9/1 1 was resolved in 14 seconds. Not only did Khalid Sheik Mohammed confess but e gave the names of many more terrorists in the organization. Also from Mohammeds confessions, the United States was able to prevent many more attacks on U. S soil. The enhanced interrogation program stopped a great many 9/11-like collected then, that itemizes the specific attacks that were stopped by virtue of what we learned through those programs (Thompson). Officials in the Bush Administration maintain that the intelligence wrung from terror detainee Abu Zubaydah led to the capture of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed † the self-proclaimed architect of the 9/1 1 attacks. His capture, in turn, helped prevent future terror strikes. He is careful to add † thwarted more than 20 plots against U. S. infrastructure targets, including communications nodes, nuclear power plants, dams, bridges, and tunnels. A future airborne attack on Americas West Coast was likely foiled only because the CIA didnt have to treat KSM like a white collar criminal (Thompson). The evidence water boarding provides the CIA is unreal and does provide for the safety of families across America; Therefore water boarding should be legalized. Armbruster, Ben. What Is Water Boarding? HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, n. d. Layton, Julia. What Is Water Boarding? HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, n. d. Web. 31 May 2013. Miller, Greg. Waterboarding Is Still an Option. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 07 Feb. 2008. web. 31 May 2013. Stack, Liam. Is Waterboarding Effective? CIA Did It 266 times on Two Prisoners. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 20 Apr. 2009. Web. 31 May 2013. Thompson, Mark. Did Waterboarding Prevent Terrorism Attacks? Time US. CNN, 21 Apr. 2009. web. 20 May 2013.

DEFINITIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DEFINITIONS - Essay Example 10. Professional ethics – these are the standard of behavior of a specific professional community. These are the expected behaviors they need to uphold and this sets the boundaries and limitations of what they can and cannot do. 11. Religion – a belief system that becomes the basis or standards of ethics and morality of a community. It is an organized behavior that establishes the values and principles of spirituality. It involves rituals, code of ethics and a certain philosophy of life, and even death. 12. Salvation – it is the event by which an individual is saved from an undesirable situation such as bondage or suffering of the soul. For Christianity, it is the redemption from sin. It is one of the many beliefs of various religions, the goal of their belief system. 14. World Religions – there are many religions all over the world. The largest and most well-known are the following: Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Shintoism, Taoism and Zoroastrianism. There are other smaller religious communities coming from these major world religions. 16. Ethics – it determines the differences between the right and wrong behavior. It is the basis for one’s actions and decisions. Ethics clarifies the standards and values by which one should live

The Causes Of The Urban Unrest That Broke Out In A Number Of English Essay

The Causes Of The Urban Unrest That Broke Out In A Number Of English Cities In The Early 1980s - Essay Example By any account, the riots that broke out were caused by something; even though everyone is not in harmony about what the exact cause was. Either way, the unrest leads to several problems that could be seen by urban conflict that occurred. John Benyon is one person who tried to pinpoint the exact cause of the riots. He believed that the riots "were a consequence of the malfunctioning of the social system, of its inability to adapt to new demands, coupled with the growth of generalized beliefs which provided an account of why the system had failed and offered a new basis for reconstituted social action. These factors yielded a potential for collective violence: this became actual violence following the occurrence of a precipitator, some development which put discontent into a specific, and reinforcing, context, leading to a build-up of fear and antagonism which was eventually expressed in rioting"(Benyon). Benyon lays most of the blame on the crippling social system, and believes that it was the failure of this system that lead to the unrest that eventually broke out into violence and rioting. He likens riots to the idea of "mere hiccups which took place when social systems were unable to adjust", and believes that the riots also were to blame on the ethnic minorities which were living under these social conditions. Young black kids often found that they had to turn to lives of crime in areas such ads Brixton, due also in part to the lack of support from their families and the lack of needed work, both social conditions that lead to the unrest in these minority strong areas. Scarman however, puts a strong emphasis on the part of the local police forces, which he claims were not doing their best to reduce the crime and unrest that was stirring in Brixton. The police found themselves in a dilemma he claims, a "policing dilemma in Lambeth stemming from, on the one hand, the duty of the police to prevent and detect crime, and on the other, the need to create and sustain good relations with the ethnic minorities (Scarman). Caught between this conflict of work and interest, the police force was not adept in their duties to keep the civil unrest from boiling over into the riots that soon ensued. The police also suffered from many other criticism of how they handled the situation as it arose. The police has been accused of everything from racial prejudice, harassment, failure to stop crime, and many other accusations. Many people feel that the police area almost just as much to blame as everyone else involved in the riots, for as long as the police were not stopping the crime they were letting it expand unrestrained. Not acting against violence is just as bad as promoting it, and the inefficiency of the police force were just as responsible as the people doing the crimes. "Harassment does occur: and in Brixton even one isolated instance of misconduct can foster a whole region of rumors which rapidly become beliefs firmly held within the community", and it was this belief which became ingrained into the community. When people feel like they are being mistreated they will act like they are being mistreated, and this unrest can lead to violence and riots. One of the main areas of unrest was Brixton, and many people have spent sufficient time trying to understand and get to the bottom of the problem as it started there. Previous to the unrest that broke out in the late 1900s, Brixton was a thriving centre of worldly goods and movement, and it was hard to tell of the civil unrest that would soon breed in the upcoming years. "Brixton was a lively and prosperous place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The railway gave it excellent access to the centre of London: business and professional people